Abstract Introduction: Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are described in individuals with leprosy without the clinical features of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), a condition involving thromboembolic phenomena. We have described the persistence of these antibodies for over 5 years in patients with leprosy after specific treatment. Objectives: To determine whether epidemiological, clinical and immunological factors played a role in the longterm persistence of aPL antibodies in leprosy patients after multidrug therapy (MDT) had finished. Methods: The study sample consisted of 38 patients with a diagnosis of leprosy being followed up at the Dermatology and Venereology Outpatient Department at the Alfredo da Matta Foundation (FUAM) in Manaus, AM. ELISA was used to detect anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibodies. Patients were reassessed on average of 5 years after specific treatment for the disease (MDT) had been completed. Results: Persistence of aPL antibodies among the 38 leprosy patients was 84% (32/38), and all had the IgM isotype. Mean age was 48.1 ± 15.9 years, and 23 (72.0%) were male. The lepromatous form (LL) of leprosy was the most common (n = 16, 50%). Reactional episodes were observed in three patients (9.4%). Eighteen (47.37%) were still taking medication (prednisone and/or thalidomide). Mean IgM levels were 64 U/mL for aCL and 62 U/mL for anti-β2GPI. In the multivariate binary logistic regression the following variables showed a significant association: age (p = 0.045, OR = 0.91 and CI 95% 0.82-0.98), LL clinical presention (p = 0.034; OR = 0.02 and CI 95% = 0.0-0.76) and bacterial index (p = 0.044; OR = 2.74 and CI 95% = 1.03-7.33). We did not find association between prednisone or thalidomide doses and positivity for aPL (p = 0.504 and p = 0.670, respectively). No differences in the variables vascular thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity, diabetes, smoking and alcoholism were found between aPL-positive and aPL-negative patients. Conclusion: Persistence of positivity for aPL antibodies was influenced by age, clinical presentation and bacterial index. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the reason for this persistence, the role played by aPL antibodies in the disease and the B cell lineages responsible for generation of these antibodies.

Resumo Introdução: O envelhecimento é compreendido como a soma de todas as alterações biológicas, psicológicas e sociais que ocorrem com o passar dos anos. Associadas ao envelhecimento elencam-se as alterações de ordem morfológica e funcional do sistema imunológico: Imunossenescência. Objetivo: Caracterizar o efeito do condicionamento físico breve sobre o perfil de citocinas e células mononucleares do sangue periférico de idosos na cidade de Manaus, AM. Materiais e métodos: Doze indivíduos com idade média de 66,8±3,7 anos realizaram 3 sessões semanais de exercícios físicos por 16 semanas e sete indivíduos com idade média de 66,1±6,7 anos, praticantes de atividades lúdicas, formaram um grupo controle. Os níveis séricos de IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α e INF-γ foram medidos pela técnica CBA (Cytometric Bead Array) e as contagens de subpopulações de linfócitos B, B1, T/CD4, T/CD8, TReg, NK e NKT foram realizadas por citometria de fluxo. Resultados: Observou-se que, após a atividade física, houve aumento significativo (p < 0,05) no número de linfócitos B, T/CD4 + e NKT (CD3 + /CD16 + /CD56 + ), quando comparados à fase pré-treinamento e ao grupo controle. Em outro modelo de análise, qualificando-se cada indivíduo do grupo teste como alto produtor ou baixo produtor das citocinas, observaram-se padrões na fase pós-treinamento que permitiram definir conjuntos ("assinaturas") de citocinas que se expressam associadas ao exercício. Conclusão: Nosso trabalho evidenciou que o exercício induz alterações na contagem de células imunes, o que nos permite inferir que pode ser usado como alternativa para reverter ou atenuar as implicações da imunossenescência.

Abstract Introduction: Aging is understood as the sum of all biological, psychological and social changes that occur over the years. Associated with aging we list up the changes of morphological and functional order of the immune system: Immunosenescence. Objective This study's objective was to characterize the effect of a brief exercise program on the profile of cytokines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of elderly individuals in Manaus, AM, Brazil. Materials and methods: Twelve subjects aged 66.8 (± 3.7) years old on average engaged in three weekly sessions of exercises for 16 weeks and, seven subjects aged 66.1 (± 6.7) years on average, who practiced only recreational activities, composed the control group. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α and INF-γ were measured using the CBA technique (cytometric Bead Array) and the count of subpopulations of lymphocytes - B, B1, T/CD4, T/CD8, Treg, NK and NKT - was performed using flow cytometry. Results: The relative number of B lymphocytes, T/CD4+ and NKT (CD3+/CD16 +/CD56+) increased significantly (p <0.05) after physical activity, compared to the pre-exercise phase and the control group. In another analysis, each individual in the test group was classified either as major or minor producer of each cytokine; i.e., their values were above or below the cut-off point defined by the median of all measurements of that cytokine. Patterns of cytokine production were observed in the post-exercise group, which allowed defining sets ("signatures") of cytokines that were associated with the practice of short-term physical exercises. Conclusion: Our work showed that exercise induces changes in the count of immune cells, which allows us to infer that it can be used as an alternative to reverse or mitigate the implications of immunosenescence.

O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença inflamatória multissistêmica, na qual as infecções são responsáveis por altos índices de morbimortalidade. Os usos de corticóide e imunossupressores contribuem para o aumento das infecções. Embora as bactérias sejam os agentes mais comuns, grande variedade de patógenos tem sido relatada. Este artigo descreve um caso de LES em um menino de 15 anos com criptococose disseminada (sistema nervoso central, pulmão e rim) e encefalite tuberculosa presumível. A coexistência de infecção por Cryptococcus e LES é descrita na literatura, mas a associação desta com encefalite tuberculosa é incomum. O risco potencial de infecções em pacientes lúpicos imunossuprimidos deve alertar o médico a adotar estratégias diagnósticas e terapêuticas precoces visando ao espectro ampliado de possíveis patógenos.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem inflammatory disease, in which infection is responsible for high rates of mortality. The use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy contributes to this high incidence of infections. Although bacteria are the most common agents, a wide variety of pathogens has been reported. This article reports a case of SLE in a 15 years-old boy with disseminated criptococosis (central nervous system, lungs and kidneys) and presumptive tuberculous encephalitis. The coexistence of infection by Cryptococcus and SLE is described in the literature, but the combination of this with tuberculous encephalitis is uncommon. The potential risk of infection in immunosuppressed SLE patients should alert the physician to adopt early diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aiming at an extended spectrum of pathogens.

Os autores relatam um caso de artrite reumatóide, com 20 anos de evolução, que desenvolveu neutropenia e esplenomegalia em uso de 20 mg de metotrexato, que persistiu mesmo com sua substituição pela ciclosporina A. Apresentou infecções de orofaringe, pele e trato urinário. Após afastar doenças hematológicas, o diagnóstico foi de síndrome de Felty. Realizou-se o tratamento com antibioticoterapia, fator estimulador de colônia de granulócitos e macrófagos, pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona e leflunomida. Evoluiu inicialmente com melhora clínica e laboratorial. Após 2 meses de uso do leflunomida, foi admitida em pronto-socorro com quadro de sepse, ocorrendo o óbito em poucas horas

The authors describe the case of a 42 years-old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis WITH A 20 years OF FOLLOW-UP. The patient was using METHOTREXATE (20 mg/WEEK); she developed neutropenia and splenomegaly that persisted despite changing medication for cYclosporine A. She then developed oropharyngeal, skin and urinary tract infections. After excluding for hematological affections, she was diagnosed as presenting Felty's syndrome. She was started on antibiotics while receiving also granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, pulsed methylprednisolone, andleflunomide. Two moths after the initiation ofleflunomide, she was admitted to an emergency hospital unit with septic shock that resulted in her death in a few hours

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a utilização por via oral do óleo de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum), que diminui a inflamação na artrite reumatóide, pode auxiliar no tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca de portadores da síndrome de Sjögren. MÉTODOS: Em estudo clínico randomizado, 38 pacientes do sexo feminino, com diagnóstico de artrite reumatóide ou lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associadas à ceratoconjuntivite seca e síndrome de Sjögren, provenientes do ambulatório de Reumatologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, foram consecutivamente selecionadas. O diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca foi baseado em questionário para olho seco (Ocular Surface Disease Index - OSDI®), Teste I de Schirmer, tempo de quebra do filme lacrimal com fluoresceína e instilação do corante rosa bengala a 1%, com intensidade da impregnação da superfíce ocular quantificada pela escala de van Bijsterveld. Todas as pacientes tiveram a inflamação da superfície conjuntival avaliada e quantificada por interpretação de exame de citologia de impressão conjuntival antes do início e ao final do estudo. As pacientes foram divididas em três grupos: Grupo I (n=13), Grupo II (n=12) e Grupo III (n=13). O Grupo I recebeu cápsulas com dose final de 1 g/dia de óleo de linhaça, o Grupo II recebeu cápsulas com dose final de 2 g/dia de óleo de linhaça e o Grupo III - controle - recebeu cápsulas com placebo, por 180 dias. RESULTADOS: Comparando os resultados no início e no final do tratamento, foram verificadas mudanças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) nos sintomas medidos pelo OSDI®, na inflamação da superfície ocular quantificada pela citologia de impressão conjuntival e nos testes I de Schirmer e tempo de quebra do filme lacrimal com fluoresceína nos Grupos I e II, quando comparados ao Grupo-controle. CONCLUSÃO: Terapia oral com óleo de linhaça, em cápsulas na dose de 1 ou 2 g/dia, reduz a inflamação da superfície ocular e melhora os sintomas de olho seco em pacientes portadores da síndrome de Sjögren. Estudos de longo prazo são necessários para confirmar o papel desta terapia como auxiliar no tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca de portadores da síndrome de Sjögren.

PURPOSE: To evaluate if oral flaxseed oil (Linum usitatissimum), which reduces the inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, may help keratoconjunctivitis sicca's treatment in Sjögren's syndrome patients. METHODS: In a randomized clinical trial, 38 female patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erithematosus associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca and Sjögren's syndrome were consecutively selected from patients of the Departament of Reumatology of the Amazonas University Hospital. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca diagnosis was based on a dry-eye symptom survey score (Ocular Surface Disease Index - OSDI®), Schirmer-I test, fluorescein break-up time, 1% Rose Bengal staining of ocular surface measured by the van Bijsterveld scale. All patients had ocular surface inflammation evaluated and quantified by conjunctival impression cytology, before and after the study. The subjects were divided into three groups with 13 (Group I), 12 (Group II) and 13 (Group III) patients. Group I received flaxseed oil capsules with a final 1 g/day dosis, Group II flaxseed oil capsules with a final 2 g/day dosis and Group III - controls - placebo, for 180 days. RESULTS: Comparing the results at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, statistically significant changes (p<0.05) in symptoms (OSDI®), ocular surface inflammation quantified by conjunctival impression cytology, Schirmer-I test and fluorescein break-up time occurred in Groups I e II when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with oral flaxseed oil capsules 1 or 2 g/day reduces ocular surface inflammation and ameliorates the symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Sjögren's syndrome patients. Long-term studies are needed to confirm the role of this therapy for keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Sjögren's syndrome.